（十）非謂語動(dòng)詞
1．定義：動(dòng)詞除在句子中作謂語以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語等，這就是動(dòng)詞的非謂語動(dòng)詞�？煞譃槿N：動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。
2．動(dòng)詞不定式：to ＋ 動(dòng)詞原形（在某些情況下可以不帶to ）。（沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，可以有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化）
○1 一般式：主動(dòng)語態(tài)：to do , 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：to be + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)
○2 進(jìn)行式：主動(dòng)語態(tài)：to be doing , 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：無 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)
○3 完成式：主動(dòng)語態(tài)：to have +動(dòng)詞過去分詞，被動(dòng)語態(tài)：to have been +動(dòng)詞過去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語動(dòng)作之前就發(fā)生)
○4 用法：
A． 作主語：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It's not easy to learn a foreign language .
B． 作表語：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .
C． 作賓語：
a. 動(dòng)詞＋to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)
b. 動(dòng)詞＋疑問詞＋to do I don't know where to put the bike .
c. 動(dòng)詞＋形式賓語(it)＋賓補(bǔ)＋to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .
D． 作補(bǔ)語：
a. 動(dòng)詞＋賓語＋to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)
b. 動(dòng)詞＋賓語＋不帶to的動(dòng)詞 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)
E． 作狀語：
a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .
b. 表示結(jié)果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren't old enough to go to school .
c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .
F．作定語： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .
○5 動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略：
A． 在感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動(dòng)詞have, let, make等后面要省to，但在變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)要還原不定式to。
I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .
B．在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。
○6 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有時(shí)也可以用－never + to do 結(jié)構(gòu)。
3．動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)詞原形＋ing 。具有名詞、動(dòng)詞一些特征。
○1 一般式：主動(dòng)語態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)
○2 完成式：主動(dòng)語態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過去分詞，被動(dòng)語態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過去分詞 （表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生）Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don't remember having ever seen the film .
○3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞（v-ing） I regret not being able to help you .
○4 用法：
A． 作主語：
a. 動(dòng)名詞作主語如果太長(zhǎng)，可以用形式主語it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It's very important to learn English .
b. No + 動(dòng)名詞表示"禁止"。No smoking, No parking .
B． 作賓語：He finished doing his homework .
C． 作表語：His favourite sport is playing basketball .
D． 作定語：shopping basket, finishing line . （表明名詞的用途、功能等）
E． 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞＋動(dòng)名詞。Do you mind my / Wei Fang's opening the window ?
4．分詞：動(dòng)詞原形＋ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞一些特征。（可分為現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）
現(xiàn)在分詞
○1 一般式：主動(dòng)語態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)
○2 完成式：主動(dòng)語態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過去分詞，被動(dòng)語態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過去分詞 （表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀
態(tài)之前就發(fā)生）
○3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞（v-ing） No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn't explain the sentence .
○4 用法：
A． 作表語。The result is surprising .
B． 作定語。Developing country (主謂關(guān)系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的動(dòng)作)
C． 作狀語。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .
D． 作賓補(bǔ)。I found him lying on the grass.
過去分詞
○1 形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞＋ed，和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。
○2 過去分詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞。
○3 用法：
A． 作表語：My bike is broken . He is very worried .
B． 作定語：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .
C． 作狀語：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .
D． 作賓補(bǔ)：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .
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