語法：直接引語變間接引語。

　　直接引用別人的話叫直接引語，用來轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話叫間接引語。例：

　　He said, "He will go to Beijing tomorrow." （直接引語）

　　He said that he would go to Beijing the next day.

　　直接引語變間接引語時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)、人稱及一些時(shí)間或個(gè)別詞都要做相應(yīng)的改變。

　　①時(shí)態(tài)：

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過去時(shí) 一般將來時(shí)→過去將來時(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般過去時(shí)→過去完成時(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過去完成時(shí)

　　* 但真理性的句子時(shí)態(tài)不變。例：

　　He said: "The sun rises in the east."

　　He said that the sun rises in the east.

　　他說太陽從東方升起。

　　②時(shí)間：

　　now→then, last month→the month before.

　　today→ that day, three days ago→three days before.

　　tonight→that night, tomorrow→the next day.

　　yesterday→the day before, the day after tomorrow→in two days.

　�、燮渌�變化：

　　this→that these→those here→there

　　come→go

　　句式的改變：

　�、僦苯右�語是陳述句加"that"可以省去。例：

　　He said, "My sister was here three days ago."→

　　He said that his sister had been there three days before.

　�、谥苯右�語是一般疑問句，變成用if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，人稱時(shí)態(tài)等作相應(yīng)改變。

　　Mother asked me, "Did you buy any meat for lunch?"→

　　Mother asked me if/whether I had bought some meat for lunch.

　　③直接引語是特殊問句，變成由原來疑問詞一樣的連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，時(shí)態(tài)人稱等作相應(yīng)改變。例：

　　"What do you do?" he asked me.

　　He asked me what I did.

　�、苤苯右�語是選擇問句變成由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。

　　"Do you like English or Chinese?" He asked me.

　　He asked me whether I liked English or Chinese.

　語法：被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　1．英語中動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者。

　　當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)誰是某個(gè)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，即"誰做了某種事情"時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　eg: Daniel bought a new computer 丹尼爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。（不是別人）

　　如果主語不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，就是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　eg: A new computer was bought by Daniel 一臺(tái)新電腦被丹尼爾買了。

　　被動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語由be + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，其中be是助動(dòng)詞，隨時(shí)態(tài)改變。

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由"am / is / are ＋動(dòng)詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。

　　一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由"was / were ＋動(dòng)詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。

　　2．被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：

　　當(dāng)不知道或沒必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　eg: Rice is grown in South China. 華南種植水稻。（沒必要說明是誰種）

　　This bridge was built 100 years ago. 這座橋是100年前建的。（不知道誰建的）

　　Passive voice with 'by'

　　在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，如果我們也要把動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者表達(dá)出來的話，我們就在被動(dòng)句子的后面，用 "by+動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（賓格）"來表示。

　　e.g. Jack broke the window. （主動(dòng)語態(tài)）

　　The window was broken by Jack. （被動(dòng)語態(tài)） 窗戶是被杰克打碎的。

　　Meals are cooked by her mother at home. 在家飯是她母親燒的。

　　The book was written by him several years ago. 這本書是他幾年前寫的。

　　3．難點(diǎn)：

　　1）. 當(dāng)一個(gè)含有復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)， 只能把賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，賓補(bǔ)還放在原來的位置。

　　e.g. We call him Xiao Wang.--- He is called Xiao Wang.

　　He cut his hair short.--- His hair was cut short.

　　2）. 帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)， 常常把間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語；如果直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語時(shí)，間接賓語前要加介詞to或 for.

　　e.g. Someone gave the boy an apple.-- The boy was given an apple.

　　An apple was given to the boy.

　　His mother bought a present for him.--- He was bought a present.

　　A present was bought for him.

　　3）. 在let, hear, watch, see, help, have 等詞的句子中，主動(dòng)語態(tài)不加to, 被動(dòng)語態(tài)要加 to.

　　e.g. The boss makes us work 12 hours a day.--- We are made to work 12 hours a day.

　　They heard the children sing that morning.--- The children were heard to sing that morning.

　�、葜苯右�語是祈使句，根據(jù)說話語氣變成ask/tell/order warn sb. to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。例：

　　She said to me, "Stand up."→

　　She asked me to stand up.

　　Father said to his son, "Don't play football in the street."→

　　Father told his son not to play football in the street.

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