一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

一. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)有三種形式

謂語是be(am/is/are)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

①肯定形式：主語+be+表語(形容詞、名詞充當(dāng)表語)。

I am hungry.

You are beautiful.

He is a doctor.

②否定形式：主語+be+not+表語(形容詞、名詞充當(dāng)表語)。

I am not hungry.

You aren't beautiful.

He isn't a doctor.

③一般疑問句形式：Be+主語+表語(形容詞、名詞充當(dāng)表語)?

肯定回答：Yes,主語+be. 否定回答：No, 主語+ be+not.

—Are you hungry?

—Yes，I am./No,I'm not.

—Is he a doctor?

—Yes, he is./No, he isn,t.

④特殊疑問句形式：特殊疑問詞+Be開頭的一般疑問句?

—What is he?

—He is a doctor.

注意：be要隨著主語變。

謂語動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

①肯定形式：“主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語”或“主語+不及物動(dòng)詞”。

She has a little brother.

The sun rises in the east.

②否定形式：“主語+don't/doesn't+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語”或“主語+don't/doesn't+不及物動(dòng)詞”。

She doesn't have a little brother.

I don't eat every morning.

③一般疑問句形式：“Do/Does+主語+及物動(dòng)詞原形+賓語”或“Do/Does+主語+不及物動(dòng)詞原形”。

肯定回答：Yes,主語+do/does. 否定回答是：No, 主語+ don't/doesn't.

—Do you eat every morning?

—Yes, I do./No, I don't.

—Does she have a little brother?

—Yes, she does./No, she doesn't.

④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+do/does開頭的一般疑問句?

What do you like?

When do you go to school?

注意：根據(jù)主語確定用do還是does。

謂語是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/may...+動(dòng)詞原形的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

①肯定形式：主語+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/may.....+動(dòng)詞原形+賓語。

I can finish my homework.

②否定形式：主語+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/may.....+not+動(dòng)詞原形+賓語。

I can't finish my homework.

③一般疑問句形式：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Can/May.....+主語+動(dòng)詞原形+主語+賓語。

肯定回答是：Yes,主語+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞. 否定回答是：No, 主語+ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not.

—Can you finish your homework?

—Yes，I can./No, I can't.

④特殊疑問句形式：特殊疑問詞+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/may.....開頭的一般疑問句?

—What can you do?

—I can do my homework.

注意：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/may.....+動(dòng)詞原形。

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài) ;表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作;表示主語具備的性格和能力;表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理等。

He is twelve.

I go to school at seven every day.

They can speak Japanese.

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常和表示時(shí)間的頻度副詞連用。如：often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。

I often read books in the evening.

Do they usually go to school by bike?

He doesn’t like milk. He never drinks it.

Sometimes my mother gets back at five.

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也常和以下時(shí)間表達(dá)法連用。如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at noon, at night, every day, on Sunday(s), at seven 等。

Do they have math in the morning?

She sleeps nine hours every night.

It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.

They don’t have classes on Sundays.

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來含義

下列瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。

例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

----When does the bus star? ----It stars in ten minutes.

在主從復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)主句是一般將來時(shí)，時(shí)間或條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，即所謂的“主將從現(xiàn)”

例如：When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

三. 動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)的構(gòu)成

動(dòng)詞原形后面直接加-s

look—looks　read—reads　play—plays　　　 　stop—stops

在以字母s, x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后加-es

miss—misses　　fix—fixes　 watch—watches　 wash—washesgo—goes　　　do—does

輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞變y為i，再加-es

carry–carries study–studies　hurry–hurries　cry–cries

特殊變化

have-has

be-is

 

一般過去時(shí)

一般過去時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定句形式：主語+動(dòng)詞過去式+其他

I was an English teacher one year ago.

I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.

否定句形式：①was/were+not; ②在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞

I wasn't an English teacher one year ago.

I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.

一般疑問句：①was/were提到句首; ②Did+主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其他?

Were you an English teacher one year ago?

Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon?

特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句

What were you one year ago?

When did you buy a yellow dress?

一般過去時(shí)的基本用法

表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)(與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)).常與yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等過去具體時(shí)間狀語連用。

He was here just now. What did you do yesterday?

在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。

We often played together when we were children.

注：表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作還可用used to 和would。

He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now.

Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us.

表示主語過去的特征或性格。

At that time she was very good at English. 那時(shí)她英語學(xué)得很好。

一般過去時(shí)有時(shí)可以表示現(xiàn)在，多與 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等動(dòng)詞連用，使語氣更委婉。

I wondered if you could help me.

有時(shí)用一般過去時(shí)也是時(shí)態(tài)一致的需要。

I didn’t know you were here.

6.【注意】

(1)表示一系列的動(dòng)作，盡管有先后，都用一般過去時(shí)，最后兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞之間用and連結(jié)。

He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared.

(2)注意在語境中理解“我剛才/原來還不……”。

——Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it.

動(dòng)詞過去式的變化規(guī)則

規(guī)則變化

①一般情況下，直接加ed

work—— worked look——looked walk——walked

②以e結(jié)尾的單詞，直接加d

live ——lived hope——hoped use——used

③以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的，變y為i加ed

study——studied carry——carried

④以元音字母+y結(jié)尾的，直接加ed

enjoy ——enjoyed 　play——played

⑤以重讀、一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，雙寫最后的輔音字母+ed

stop—— stoppedplan——plannedprefer——preferred

一般將來時(shí)

一般將來時(shí)的含義

一般將來時(shí)表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或?qū)�來�?jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

一般將來時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形

will 在陳述句中用于各種人稱;shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。

I will/shall do a better job next time.

Oil and water will not mix

否定式：will not=won't;shall not=shan't

一般疑問式：will/shall+主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其他?

—Will he help you with your English tonight?

—Yes, he will./No, he won't.

特殊疑問式：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問式?

—When will you arrive for America? —Tomorrow.

am/is/are going to +動(dòng)詞原形

He is going to spend his holidays in London.

Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm.

否定式：am/is/are not going to +動(dòng)詞原形

一般疑問式：am/is/are +主語+ going to + 動(dòng)詞原形+其他?

Is he going to collect any data for us?

特殊疑問式：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問式?

What are you going to do tomorrow?

一般將來時(shí)的用法

will+動(dòng)詞原形與am/is/are going to +動(dòng)詞原形的用法雖然都表示將來發(fā)生動(dòng)作或情況，一般情況下能互換。但它們的用法是有區(qū)別的。

will主要用于在以下三個(gè)方面：

(1)表示主觀意愿的將來。

They will go to visit the factory tomorrow.

I’ll come with Wang Bing, Liu Tao and Yang Ling.

(2)表示不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的客觀的將來。

Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.

He will be thirty years old this time next year.

(3)表示臨時(shí)決定，通常用于對話中。

—Mary has been ill for a week.

—Oh, I didn't know. I will go and see her.

be going to主要用于一下兩個(gè)方面：

(1)表示事先經(jīng)過考慮、安排好打算、計(jì)劃要做某事。

Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.

(2)表示根據(jù)目前某種跡象判斷，某事非常有可能發(fā)生，表示推測。

Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.

用其他時(shí)態(tài)表示將來含義的情況

用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。

瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞和持續(xù)動(dòng)詞都可以用其現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)將來的含義，主要表示按規(guī)定或時(shí)間預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的事。(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)任何時(shí)候都表示將來的含義，持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)只有在含有將來的時(shí)間狀語或?qū)�來語境的條件下才表示將來)

The bus is coming.

The students are leaving on Sunday.

We’re having a party next week.

用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。

(1)come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬時(shí)位移動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來含義，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。

(2)在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中。(主將從現(xiàn))

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will have a party in the park.

There be結(jié)構(gòu)的一般將來時(shí)

肯定式：There will be;There is/are going to be

否定式：There won't be;There is/are not going to be

一般疑問式：Will there be...;Is/are there going to be...

特殊疑問式：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問式

There will be a basketball match this afternoon.

=There is going to be a basketball match this afternoon.

There won't be a basketball match this afternoon.

=There isn't going to be a basketball match this afternoon.

Will there be a basketball match this afternoon?

=Is there going to be a basketball match this afternoon?

When will there be a basketball match?

=When is there going to be a basketball match?

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定式：am/is/are+doing(現(xiàn)在分詞)

They’re having a meeting now.

否定式：am/is/are not +doing(現(xiàn)在分詞)

They aren't having a meeting now.

一般疑問式：Am/Is/Are + 主語 +doing(現(xiàn)在分詞)+ 其他

Are they having a meeting now?

特殊疑問式：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問式

What are they doing now?

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

表示此時(shí)此刻正在發(fā)生的事情。常與now，at the moment，look，listen等詞連用。

The little boy is watching TV now. 這個(gè)小男孩現(xiàn)在正在看電視。

Listen!She is playing the guitar in the next room. 聽!她正在隔壁房間彈吉他。

表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行著或是重復(fù)發(fā)生著的動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)此時(shí)此刻正在做。常與表示時(shí)間段的時(shí)間狀語連用。

I am studying computer this term. 這個(gè)學(xué)期我一直在學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)。

表示說話人褒義或貶義的情感色彩，如贊許、批評、喜歡、厭惡等。此時(shí)常與alway、often等頻度副詞連用。

He is always thinking of others , not of himself. 他總是為他人著想，而不為自己。(表示贊許)

One of my roommates is often leaving things about. 我的一個(gè)室友經(jīng)常亂扔?xùn)|西。(表示不滿)

表示在近期按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一般將來的含義。)

① 瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)在任何情況下都表示將來含義。這些動(dòng)詞包括go , come , leave，arrive , return等。

I am leaving.

I am leaving tomorrow.

② 持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)，只有在有將來時(shí)間狀語或?qū)�來語境的情況下才可以表示將來含義。

An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon.

An American professor is giving a lecture.

現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)的變化規(guī)則

一般在情況下，在動(dòng)詞詞尾加-ing。

go——goingplay——playingknow——knowing

以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞，先去e再加-ing。

make——makingarrive——arrivingcome——coming

以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且動(dòng)詞詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)，先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母，再加-ing。

run——running stop——stoppingswim——swimming

put——putting sit——sitting dig——digging

begin——beginning plan——planningcut——cutting

get——getting chat——chatting regret——regretting

以-ie結(jié)尾，先將-ie改成y，再加-ing。

tie——tyingdie——dyinglie——lying

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，是表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或時(shí)間段正在進(jìn)行的事情或動(dòng)作。

二. 結(jié)構(gòu)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were +doing (現(xiàn)在分詞)

三. 用法

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者事情。

常用的時(shí)間狀語this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。

We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.

What was he researching all day last Sunday?

My brother fell and hurt himself while he was riding his bicycle.

It was raining when they left the station.

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)發(fā)生的事情。

時(shí)間點(diǎn)可以用介詞短語、副詞或從句來表示。

What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday?

She was doing her homework then.

When I saw him he was decorating his room.

在復(fù)合句中，如果主要?jiǎng)幼骱捅尘皠?dòng)作都是延續(xù)的或同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么主從句的動(dòng)詞都可用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

When he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. (兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是延續(xù)的)

He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

基本結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定句：主語+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他

否定句：主語+have/has+not+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他

一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他

特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句(have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示過去已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果。也就是說，動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在。

I have already posted the photo.

與此種用法連用的時(shí)間狀語時(shí)一些模糊的過去時(shí)間狀語，如already(肯定句句中), yet(否定句/疑問句句尾), just, before, recently,still, lately,never等。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可用來表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。

He has lived here since 1978.

此種用法常與for(+時(shí)間段),since(+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過去時(shí)的句子)連用。謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

有些瞬間動(dòng)詞可變?yōu)檠永m(xù)動(dòng)詞：

go out----be out 　　finish----be over 　　open----be open

die----be dead 　　buy---have 　　fall ill---be ill

come back----be back 　　catch a cold----have a cold

過去完成時(shí)

概念與結(jié)構(gòu)

概念：表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去( past-in-the-past )”。

構(gòu)成：“助動(dòng)詞 had + 過去分詞”，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到達(dá)旅館之前，他們已經(jīng)吃過了早飯。

She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning. 今天早晨10點(diǎn)之前，她已經(jīng)寫完了作文。

二. 過去完成時(shí)的用法

用法1. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

用法2. 表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。

By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.

三. 過去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)

由時(shí)間狀語來判定

一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：

(1)by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

(2)by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

(3)before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

由“過去的過去”來判定

過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”，是指在過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

(1)賓語從句中

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。

She said that she had seen the film before.

(2)狀語從句中

在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。例如：

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"，例如：

We had thought that you would come, but you didn't.

根據(jù)上、下文來判定

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

過去將來時(shí)

含義

表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時(shí)常用于賓語從句中。

I didn’t know if he would come.

They never knew that population would become a big problem.

She didn’t tell me where she would go.

Betty said she would visit the Great Wall next Saturday.

二. 過去將來時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)及用法

1.“would+動(dòng)詞原形”常表示主觀意愿的將來。

He said he would come to see me.

He told me he would go to Beijing.

2.“was/ were+going to+動(dòng)詞原形”常表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。

She said she was going to start off at once.

I was told that he was going to return home.

此結(jié)構(gòu)還可表示根據(jù)某種跡象來看，很可能或即將發(fā)生的事情。

It seemed as if it was going to rain.

come， go， leave， arrive， start等瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞可用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來的含義。

He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.

She told me she was coming to see me.

條件狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句中須用一般過去時(shí)代替過去將來時(shí)。

The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didn’t work hard.

三. 過去將來時(shí)典型錯(cuò)誤例析

我們不知道他是否要在會(huì)上發(fā)言。

誤：We didn’t know whether he is going to speak at the meeting.

正：We didn’t know whether he was going to speak at the meeting.

析：該句主句為過去時(shí)，且賓語從句表示從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，所以從句要用過去將來時(shí)態(tài)。

老師問湯姆長大后準(zhǔn)備干什么。

誤：The teacher asked Tom what he was going to be when he would grow up.

正：The teacher asked Tom what he was going to be when he grew up.

析：在時(shí)間狀語從句中，常用一般過去時(shí)表示在過去看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

他們說如果下星期天不下雨他們就去農(nóng)場。

誤：They said that they were going to the farm if it would not rain the next Sunday.

正：They said that they were going to the farm if it didn’t rain the next Sunday.

析：在條件狀語從句中，也常用一般過去時(shí)表示在過去看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

王林打電話告訴她媽媽，她要買一些書。

誤：Wang Lin rang up to tell her mother that she should buy some books.

正：Wang Lin rang up to tell her mother that she would buy some books.

析：過去將來時(shí)可以由“助動(dòng)詞should/would+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，但should一般只用于第一人稱。而would可用于各種人稱。

參考答案:1—5BABDB6—10CDDBA11—15BBCCD16—20CBDCC

參考答案:21-25BDDDA26—30BCBAD31—35BCCCD36—40BDACB

參考答案:41-45BDCAC46—50BDDCA51—55DACBB56—60CCDCD

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