來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 2022-11-22 19:44:19
1、介詞的主要用法:
介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立使用。介詞之后一般有名詞或代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句作它的賓語,即構(gòu)成介詞短語。有些介詞是由兩個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成的短語介詞,如:out of(從…中出來), because of(因?yàn)?, away from(距離…), on top of(在…頂上), ever since(自從…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根據(jù)…), in front of(在…前方)等。
2、介詞的分類表:
地點(diǎn)(位置、范圍)介詞:
above在…前, about在…附近, across在…對面, after在…后面, against倚著..., along在…近旁, among在…中間, around在…周圍, round在….周圍, at在…處, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁邊, between在...之間, by在...旁, down在...下面, from來自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...頂部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中間, at the end of在...的末端,等等。
方向(目標(biāo)趨向)介詞:
across橫越..., against對抗..., along沿著..., around繞著..., round環(huán)繞..., at朝著..., behind向…后面, etween…and…從…到...,by路過/通過..., down向…下, for向..., from從/離..., in進(jìn)入..., into進(jìn)入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脫離/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨過..., past經(jīng)過/超過..., through穿過..., to向/朝..., towards朝著..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from遠(yuǎn)離...
時(shí)間介詞:
about大約..., after在…以后, at在… (時(shí)刻), before在…以前, by到…為止, during在…期間, for有…(之久), from從…(時(shí))起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past過了…(時(shí)), since自從…(至今), through 貫穿…(期間), till直到…時(shí), until直到…時(shí), to到(下一時(shí)刻), ever since從那時(shí)起至今,at the beginning of在...開始時(shí) ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...當(dāng)中 ,at the time of在...時(shí)
方式介詞:
as作為/當(dāng)作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(語言), like與…一樣, on騎(車)/徒(步),通過(收音機(jī)/電視機(jī)), over通過(收音機(jī)), through通過..., with用(材料),用(手/腳/耳/眼), without沒有…
涉及介詞:
about關(guān)于..., except除了…, besides除了…還... for對于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有關(guān)..., on關(guān)于/有關(guān)..., to對…而言, towards針對..., with就…而言
其它介詞:
【目的介詞】 for為了..., from防止…, to為了…
【原因介詞】 for因?yàn)?.., with由于…, because of因?yàn)?..
【比較介詞】 as與…一樣,like象…一樣,than比...,to與…相比, unlike與…不同
【伴隨/狀態(tài)介詞】 against和…一起(比賽),at在(上班/休息/上學(xué)/家,etc.),in穿著…(衣服/顏色),into變成...,on在(值日), with與…一起,有/帶著/長著..., without沒有/無/不與…一起
3、介詞短語的句法作用:
介詞短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞,可用作狀語、定語和表語。如:The man came.(狀)(那個(gè)人走下樓來)/The womanis from the countryside.(定)(頭上戴花的婦女來自鄉(xiāng)下)/The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老師現(xiàn)在和學(xué)生在一起)
4、介詞短語在句子中的位置:
介詞短語做狀語時(shí),如果表示時(shí)間/地點(diǎn),可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴隨/涉及/原因/目的/比較,一般放在句尾; 介詞短語作表語時(shí)放在連系動詞之后;介詞短語作定語時(shí),只能放在被修飾的名詞之后。如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(狀語)(他想來年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他們在房間里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表語)(信是給你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定語)(你看見一只黑頭白腿的貓了嗎?)
5、重要注釋:
⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等詞構(gòu)成的時(shí)間短語,前面不用任何介詞。如:Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有國外的游客來游覽平窯鎮(zhèn))/ He had a bad cold that week.(那個(gè)星期他患重感冒)
⑵ for有時(shí)用來引出動詞不定式的邏輯主語,常翻譯成“對于…而言”。如:It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(讓我在區(qū)區(qū)一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作太難了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子夠大的可以容10個(gè)人住)
⑶ of有時(shí)用來表示后面的人物正好是前面的表語的邏輯主語。如:It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你這么做真是太好了)
⑷ 介詞有時(shí)會與它的賓語分離,而且賓語前置。
① 當(dāng)賓語是疑問詞時(shí)。Who are you talking about?(你們在談?wù)撜l?)
② 賓語在從句中當(dāng)連接詞時(shí)。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一個(gè)需要他照顧的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我們的老師在那邊和什么人談話嗎?)
③ 動詞不定式作定語且該動詞為不及物動詞,后面有介詞。I finally found a chair to sit on.(我 最終找到了一張椅子坐。)
(5) 記住一些固定詞組:arrive at/in(到達(dá)…),on foot(步行),not…at all(根本不),to the north of(在…以北),in the east of(在…的東部),in the night(在夜間),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕…),be full of(充滿/ 裝滿….),be filled with(充滿/ 裝滿….),be good/bad for(對…有益/有害),be made of(由…做成),be made from(由…制造),play with(玩耍……),look out of(朝…外面看),at the end of(在…末梢/結(jié)束時(shí)),by the end of(不遲于…/到…末為止),with the help of或with one’s help(在…的幫助下),look after(照料…),look for(尋找…),on a bike(=by bike)騎車, help sb. with(幫某人做…),get on (well) with(與某人相處[融洽]),等等。
6、某些介詞的用法辨析:
⑴ 時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、at的用法區(qū)別:表示時(shí)間時(shí), in表示在一段時(shí)間里(在將來時(shí)句子中則表示在一段時(shí)間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者瞬間; 表示地點(diǎn)時(shí), in表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi), on表示在某個(gè)平面上或與一個(gè)面相接觸,at則表示在某個(gè)具體的場所或地點(diǎn)。如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七點(diǎn)鐘起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼鏡就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在電影院)
⑵ after與in表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別:“after+(具體時(shí)刻/從句)”表示“在…時(shí)刻之后”常用于一般時(shí)態(tài);“in+(一段時(shí)間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來時(shí)態(tài)。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.(他說他六點(diǎn)鐘之后會來這兒)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父親大約一個(gè)月以后從英國回來)
⑶ since與for表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別:“since+(具體時(shí)刻/that-從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現(xiàn)在”,“for +(一段斶間)”表示“總共有…之久”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài);如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自從1970年起就在這家工廠工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在這家工廠已經(jīng)工作了30多年)
⑷ by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動句中可以表示動作的執(zhí)行者;in表示“使用”某種語言/文字,with表示“使用”某個(gè)具體的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我們用眼睛看東西,用雙腳走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(請你用英語寫那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我們打的去動物園吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍寫的)
⑸ about與on的用法區(qū)別:都可以表示“有關(guān)…”,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示“有關(guān)…(專題/課程)”。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(湯姆要作一個(gè)美國歷史的報(bào)告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他們興致勃勃地談?wù)撝磳淼降囊巴饴糜?
⑹ through與across、over的用法區(qū)別: through指“穿過…(門洞/人群/樹林)”; across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互換,但是表示“翻過…”時(shí)只能用over. 如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時(shí)一只老鼠跑過路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他們翻過大山提前到達(dá)了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過一個(gè)大門來到另一個(gè)公園)
(7)as與like的區(qū)別:兩個(gè)詞都表示“像……”,但是as譯為“作為……”,表示的是職業(yè)、職務(wù)、作用等事實(shí),而like譯為“像……一樣”,表示外表,不是事實(shí)。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父親的身份和你講話。)(說話者是聽者的父親) / Let me speak to you like a father.(讓我像一位父親一樣和你講話)(說話者不是聽者的父親)
(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法區(qū)別:at the end of…既可以表示時(shí)間也可以表示地點(diǎn),譯為“在…末;在…盡頭”,常與過去時(shí)連用;by the end of…只能表示時(shí)間,譯為“在…前;到…為止”,常用于過去完成時(shí); in the end與at last基本等義,表示“終于、最后”,通常用于過去時(shí);to the end譯為“到…的終點(diǎn)為止”,前面往往有表示運(yùn)動或連續(xù)性的動詞。如:By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上學(xué)期期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了第三冊16個(gè)單元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的盡頭你能找到一幢有棕色窗戶的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他們動身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最終在期末考試中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我們應(yīng)該把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿這條路走到底就能看見一家郵電局)
(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的區(qū)別:for a moment“一會兒、片刻”(=for a while),常與持續(xù)性動詞連用;for the moment“暫時(shí)、目前”,常用于現(xiàn)在時(shí);in a moment“一會兒、立即、馬上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于將來時(shí);at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:Please wait for a moment.(請稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.(暫時(shí)就維持現(xiàn)狀吧!) / I’ll come back in a moment.(我過會兒回來)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)
(10)but的問題:用介詞but引出另一個(gè)動詞時(shí),要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形動詞,前面沒有do時(shí),后面的動詞要加to。如:I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(選擇) but to fight.(他們沒有選擇只有戰(zhàn)斗)
(11)in front of 與in the front of: in front of“在…的前面”, 與in the front of“在…的前部”。如:A car was parking in front of the hall.(大廳跟前停著一輛汽車)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大廳前部立著一個(gè)大講臺)
(12)except與besides的區(qū)別:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”則表示包含,即“不僅……又……”。如:Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宮博物院)(Tom沒有去故宮)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了漢語之外,他還學(xué)其他許多功課)(“漢語”也是他學(xué)的功課之一)
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