單一主語的主謂一致

單數(shù)的主語跟單數(shù)的動詞，復(fù)數(shù)的主語跟復(fù)數(shù)的動詞，這是符合語法一致的原則。但在實際運用中，往往會出現(xiàn)較為復(fù)雜的情況：

A. 形復(fù)意單的名詞作主語

形復(fù)意單的名詞作主語(即形式為復(fù)數(shù)，意義為單數(shù))，按意義一致的原則，用作單數(shù)意義時，謂語用單數(shù)，反之，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

1. 許多學(xué)科名稱，如mathematics, physics, economics, politics等，以及news等名詞作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)。

Physics is required of every student in our school. 物理是我校每個學(xué)生的必修科目。

News is traveling fast nowadays. 當今新聞傳播得很快。

2. 用作國名、組織機構(gòu)、書名、報刊名等復(fù)數(shù)形式的專有名詞作為整體對待，謂語用單數(shù)。

The United Nations has passed a resolution to lift sanctions against Iraq. 聯(lián)合國通過了解除對伊制裁的決定。

The Times reports the news of the strike. 時代雜志報導(dǎo)了罷工的消息。

Great Expectations was written by Dickens in 1860. 《遠大前程》是狄更斯于1860年寫的。

注意：

如果山脈、群島、瀑布等名稱作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

The Great Lakes lie between the USA and Canada. 五大湖在美國和加拿大兩國之間。

The Philippines are in the western Pacific Ocean southeast of China. 菲律賓群島在中國東南太平洋西部。

The Niagara Falls are the falls on the Niagara River. 尼亞加拉瀑布位于尼亞加拉河上。

3. 一些形復(fù)意單的名詞，包括有成雙成套部分的衣物或工具名稱，作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

My blue trousers have been worn out. 我的藍褲子已經(jīng)穿破了。

His glasses are new. 他的眼鏡是新的。

注意：

這些名詞如用a pair of 修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

The shoes are under the bed. 鞋在床下。

The pair of shoes is under the bed. 這雙鞋在床下。

4. 單、復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語時，按意義一致的原則，用作單數(shù)意義時，謂語用單數(shù);用作復(fù)數(shù)意義時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有：sheep, deer, fish, means, works, species, Chinese, Japanese等。

The (This) glass works was set up in 1986. 這家玻璃廠建于1986年。

The (These) glass works are near the railway station. 這些玻璃廠在火車站附近。

This species of rose is very rare. 這種玫瑰很稀有。

The species of fish are numerous. 魚的種類很多。

Sheep are raised for wool. 養(yǎng)羊是為了剪毛。

There is a sheep under the tree. 樹下有一只綿羊。

比較：

當這類名詞前有a, such a, this, that, every修飾時，謂語用單數(shù);有all, such, these, those修飾時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

Every means has been tried out without much result. 每一種方法都試過了卻沒什么結(jié)果。

All means have been tried out without much result. 所有方法都試過了卻沒什么結(jié)果。

B. 集合名詞作主語

集合名詞表示有若干個體組成的集合體，如army, audience, class, club, company, crowd, government, group, party, population, team, union等。

1. 集合名詞作主語時，若表示整體概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，若表示構(gòu)成該集合體的成員，則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

His family are waiting for him. 他的家人正在等他。

But the man's family was small-only himself and his wife. 但那人的家庭很小，只有他本人和妻子。

One third of the population here are workers. 這里人口中有三分之一是工人。

The population of the earth is increasing every year. 地球上的人口每年都在增長。

2. 有些集合名詞，如cattle, folk, people, police, youth等，作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，即所謂的“形單意復(fù)”。

The police have caught the thief. 警察已經(jīng)抓住了小偷。

The cattle are grazing in the field. 牛在田野里吃草。

Youth today are quite different from 20 years ago. 現(xiàn)在的年輕人和20年前大不一樣。

Some folk are never satisfied. 有些人從不知足。

比較：

幾組集合名詞作主語的句子。

The team is well organized. 這個隊組織得很好。

The team are all tough players. 這個隊的隊員都很強壯。

All the class were jumping with joy. 全班同學(xué)都高興地跳了起來。

The class is made up of 54 students. 這班由54名學(xué)生組成。

The young couple is happy. 這對年輕夫婦很幸福。

The young couple are quarrelling with each other. 這對年輕夫婦正在吵架。

The village is at the foot of the mountain. 這個村子在山腳下。

All the village are out to greet him. 全村人都出來歡迎他。

3.有些無生命(表示物)的集合名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。

All the furniture in my room is new. 我房間里的家具都是新的。

Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates. 在寒冷的氣候中，保暖的衣服是必需的。

The machinery is driven by electricity. 這些機器是由電力驅(qū)動的。

Has your luggage arrived yet 你的行李已經(jīng)運到了嗎?

A lot of hiking equipment is needed here. 這里需要大量徒步旅行的裝備。

C. 代詞作主語

1.名詞性物主代詞作主語時，既可以用作單數(shù)，也可以用作復(fù)數(shù)，這取決于它所代替的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。

Ours is a great country. 我們的(國家)是一個偉大的國家。(ours = our country)

Your shoes are black, and mine are brown. 你的鞋是黑色的，我的(鞋)是棕色的。( mine=my shoes)

2.such, the same等指示代詞作主語時，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。

Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man with great achievements. 愛因斯坦就是這樣一個儉樸而又取得巨大成就的人。

Such are her wishes. 她的愿望就這些。

3.關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與主句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。

Those who want to go for a picnic please put up your hands. 那些想去野餐的人請舉手。

Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun. 一些被人類使用的能量來自于太陽

注意：

在 one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+whothatwhich 引導(dǎo)的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞whothatwhich的先行詞是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞而不是one，因此，從句中的動詞應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。但當one之前有the, the only等修飾語時，關(guān)系代詞的先行詞是one，而不是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，因此從句的動詞應(yīng)是單數(shù)形式。

This is one of the best films that have been shown this year. 這是今年所放的最佳電影中的一部。

She is the only one of the girls who sings best. 她是這么多女孩中唯一歌唱得最好的。

4.疑問代詞who, what, which作主語時，謂語動詞可根據(jù)說話人所要表達的意思決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。

Who lives upstairs It is Xiao Wang. 誰住在樓上?小王。

Who live next door It is Li and Zhang. 誰住在隔壁?李和張。

5.不定代詞作主語時，有以下兩種情況：

①some, all, any, none, more, most等詞可以指復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時，視其文中的意義，判斷動詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)的形式。

Now all has been changed. 一切都已改變。

All are present today, Mr Li. answered the monitor. 班長回答說：李老師，今天大家全到了。

None is so good as he. 沒有人像他那么好。

None are so good as those who are always ready to help others. 沒有人像那些總是樂于助人的人那么好。

提示：

在口語中，none of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)均可，要以說話人所想的而定。

None of the telephones workswork. 這些電話都壞了。

None of us havehas been to Dalian. 我們中誰也沒去過大連。

②some, all, any, none, more, most等詞接of時，若of的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞，動詞用單數(shù)形式，若of的賓語為復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞時，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

Most of his spare time was spent in reading. 他的大部分業(yè)余時間都花在讀書上了。

Most of the colour blind people are men. 色盲的人大多數(shù)是男的。

D. 數(shù)詞、量詞作主語

1. 數(shù)詞作主語，不論指人還是指物，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)。

About twenty know the secret. 二十人知道這個秘密。

Six are missing. 丟了六個。

2. “more than one + 單數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)，但它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。但“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

More than one person has known the news. 不止一個人知道了這個消息。

More students than one are for your proposal. 很多學(xué)生同意你的計劃。

3. one out of ten 或one in ten結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)按照語法一致的原則，用單數(shù)。

One out of ten was badly injured in the accident. 在這場事故中有十分之一的人受了傷。

4. “a +單數(shù)名詞 + or two” 結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。但“one or two +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

A word or two is missing here. 這里缺一兩個詞。

One or two friends are coming for dinner this evening. 一兩個朋友今晚要來吃晚飯。

5. “many a + 單數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動詞需用單數(shù)形式。

Many a passenger was killed in the accident.許多乘客在這一次事故中喪生。

Many a boy has been to the castle. 有好幾個男孩到過那城堡。

6. “one and a half + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動詞需用單數(shù)形式。

One and a half bananas is left on the table. 桌上還剩下一根半香蕉。

One and a half years has passed. 一年半時間過去了。

7. “分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+ of + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，其謂語動詞要與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。

Three-fourths of its surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面四分之三是海洋。

Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 在場的三分之二的人反對這個計劃。

Around 10 percent of the forest is destroyed each year. 每年大約有百分之十的森林被毀。

8. 用plusand表示“加”，用minus表示“減”，和用times表示“乘”時，動詞多用單數(shù)，但也可用復(fù)數(shù)。

Two and two isare four. 二加二是四。

Ten times five isare fifty. 十乘五等于五十。

注意：

用from表示“被減”，multiplied by表示“被乘”或divided by表示“被除”，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

8 from 10 leaves 2. 10減8等于2。

25 divided by 5 equals 5. 25除以5等于5。

9. 時間價格距離等作為整體看待時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

Fifty kilometers is a long distance. 五十公里是一段長距離。

Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford. 她付不起4，000美元。

The six months was a terrible dream for her. 那6個月對她來說是一場惡夢。

Only six days was allowed to make preparations for the final examination. 只給了六天的時間來準備期末考試。

注意：

若強調(diào)這類結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

Six years have passed since my father left home. 我父親離家已經(jīng)六年了。

The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours. 優(yōu)勝者花了三小時跑完了50英里的路程。

There are eight silver dollars in the drawer. 抽屜里有八塊銀元。

10.“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a heap of, a mass of, half of +名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞要與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致，這是因為of后面的名詞是中心詞，而of前面的量詞是修飾語。

Lots of damage was caused by fire. 許多損失由火災(zāi)引起的。

Lots of goods were sent there by air. 大量的貨物空運到那里。

Half of the oranges are bad. 一半的桔子爛了。

Half of the food is unfit to eat. 這食物中有一半不能吃。

11. 在“a numbertotal of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”結(jié)構(gòu)中，中心詞是名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但在“the numbertotal of+ 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”結(jié)構(gòu)中，中心詞卻是number或total，故謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

A number of students are playing basketball on the playground. 操場上有相當多的學(xué)生在打籃球。

The number of pages in this book is 900. 這本書的頁數(shù)是900。

A total of 3，000 letters were received last month. 上個月共收到3，000封信。

The total of letters received last month was 3，000. 上個月收到信件共3，000封。

12. 在“a great deal of a large amount of + 不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。但“large amounts of + 不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。

A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway. 很多大米通過鐵路從鄉(xiāng)下運往城市。

A large amount of money is spent on the project. 這個工程耗費了巨額資金。

Large amounts of money were spent on the free way. 建高速公路花了大量的錢。

13. “the rest of + 可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，其謂語動詞要與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。

The rest of the students are watering trees. 其余的學(xué)生正在澆樹。

The rest of the wine has gone bad. 剩下的酒已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了。

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