過去完成時(shí)

3. 過去完成時(shí)的語法判定

(1)由時(shí)間狀語來判定

一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：

①by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)

I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.

②by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

③before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

(2)由"過去的過去"來判定

過去完成時(shí)表示"過去的過去"，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

①賓語從句中

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。如told，said，knew，heard，thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。

She said that she had seen the film before.

②狀語從句中

在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意：before，after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

③表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本……，未能……"。

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

(3)根據(jù)上、下文來判定

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.

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